Finishing

• Remember the race isn't over till the finish!
• Don't jam the boat (pinching, over sheeting) keep calm.
• Sail the shifts (don't get out of synch).
• Is the committee boat putting out a wind shadow? (take care if it's a large launch or yacht).
• The finishing line can be biased just as much as a start line.
• Decide on the favoured end while sailing downwind.
• Try to push your opposition to the unfavoured end of the finish line.
• If in front: cover, stay between the competition and the mark. Cover hard if necessary.
• If behind, make those in front work for their place. Don't just follow them and hope something happens take a risk it may come off but even if it doesn't what have you lost.

Sailing Downwind

You need to spend many hours racing competitively to develop the skills in reaching and running in an effort to get an edge on your competition off the wind.

To be fast off the wind requires you to develop a "feel" for the yacht and what makes it go. A lot of off the wind sailing cannot be taught by a coach it requires you to go out and find out for yourself. A coach can help you with pumping, body position, vang tension, mainsheet position and the height of your centreboard. It is very hard to teach the skill of steering your yacht correctly, by making the most of the wind and the waves.

Body Position

Body position is very important because if the boat is trimmed properly it will always be travelling the most efficiently. This means moving backwards and forwards in the boat as the wind increases and decreases. As soon as the bow begins to drop or the stern drags too much the boat will not be driving at its full speed. Unless the boat is planing you need to try and keep the boat as level as possible fore and aft. As soon as the boat gets up on the plane you can move your body weight right back quickly so there is less wetted surface.

Centreboard Height

It is very important to pull the centreboard up off the wind to reduce drag. Flat off in light winds there should be no centreboard in the water at all.

Vang Tension

Vang tension is vital off the wind to set up correctly and to prevent the boat from getting the death rolls particularly on the run. Flat off in strong winds and a lack of vang tension can often end up with a swim when the boat death rolls. The leech of the sail gets in front of the mast if there is not enough tension applied and contributes to the death rolls and makes gybing difficult. On the flat off the mainsheet can be used to stop the death rolls by over sheeting as the yacht starts to roll. Push your centreboard down further should the yacht roll around a lot. In light winds it is better to have twist in the leech so the wind can flow off the sail easily. As the wind increases you need to use more and more vang tension so that the leech does not open up to much.

Pumping

Pumping is a good method of accelerating the boat down the waves or getting the boat up on the plane or pulling the bow out of a wave. It is most effective when there is the greatest pressure on the sail.

Strategically Downwind Sailing is Like the Beats

• Maximise your speed.
• Sail the longer gybe first.
• Avoid the lay lines and corners.
• Sailing the puffs and avoid the lulls.
• Sail the shifts.
• Watch the current.
• Keep clear air.
• If boats spread out, if ahead check what following boats are doing.

Reaching

Now we all love to reach, it is fast and exciting. But I know a lot of people who when they go practising only practise reaching when it is probably the last thing they need to be practising!!! Remember to get your priorities right.

Reaching Downwind Remember to

• Sail the rumbline, the shortest (and usually the fastest) course between any two marks in a straight line.
• When it is windy sail higher in the lulls and sail lower in the puffs.
• Do not play with your adjustments after rounding a mark, until you have settled into the groove of the reaching leg.
• Look for the next mark.
• Protect clear air.
• Constantly check sail trim.
• A high or low course?
• Look to see what the rest of the fleet are doing, remember about the tide.
• Generally if in front of a bunch go high, if behind a bunch go low.
• Check for gusts.
• Watch for and use waves.
• Body position, boat balance for wave riding.
• Can you slipstream or use wake of boat in front (if it is slower use it to catch up and pass, if it is faster use it to increase your own speed).
• Are you working the boat within the rules?
• Establish overlap for mark, get into position early, think ahead. Check for weed.
• If luffing do it violently (under the new rules you have to give the other boat room and time to keep clear) and tell the skipper that you will not let him pass, make your intentions clear.
• If overtaking do so suddenly if possible, avoid big luffing matches (try to do it when they are not paying attention).
• Sail the rumbline, the shortest (and usually the fastest) course between any two marks in a straight line.
• When it is windy sail higher in the lulls and sail lower in the puffs.
• Do not play with your adjustments after rounding a mark, until you have settled into the groove of the reaching leg.

Sailing Upwind

The most important part of a yacht race after the start, is to pick the first two wind shifts correctly then to settle into the longest tack on the upwind leg of the course, this will generally position yourself with a loose cover over the bulk of the fleet and will leave you closest to the top mark.

To sail this part well you have to reach your best boat speed for the wind and sea conditions, note this can only be achieved in clean air. To reach your best boat speed there are a number of adjustments that can be altered "on" and "off" the water to make your boat go faster and also easier to sail. It is very important that all these controls are easy to use and strong enough that they will not break under load.

These Include

• Batten weight.
• Boom vang tension.
• Mainsheet tension.
• Traveller position.
• Cunningham.
• Outhaul.
• Mast rake.
• Centreboard position (movement fore and aft).
• Mast bend (stiffener), hounds height.
• Sail size/shape.
• Gooseneck position.
• Hiking.

The most important part of making the boat go fast upwind comes back to the person holding the tiller. It's all very well coming in after a race and blaming your sail/mast/rudder, where nine times put of ten it's your fault! The minute you realise that you are at fault, you will begin to improve.

"Realise you are at fault, you will begin to improve."

Points to Remember

• Sail the shifts.
• Remember tidal influence.
• Play the middle unless one side is clearly favoured (remember one side gives a 50% chance of leading or losing).
• If possible avoid lee bow tacks. Dip if you can't, this keeps your options open and avoids potential protest situations.
• Clear air is vital.
• Do not get to the lay lines too early (you lose the option to tack on wind shifts and you lose clear air as boats tack on the lay line ahead of you).
• Do not leave your approach on port tack to the windward mark lay line till the last 2 or 3 boat lengths also be prepared to dip, losing a few is better than losing 20, 30 or 40 if you don't lay the mark.
• If in front stay between the opposition and the top mark.

Sail a Race Series

Starting in a Big Fleet

Obviously the most important part of the race is the start because this determines your race strategy, especially on the first beat. The priority is to get clear air, have good speed and most importantly, go the right way up the first beat. If you get it all right the chances of a good position around the first first mark are greatly increased making the rest of the race a lot easier. You should try an work the hardest for the first 100 metres in an effort to get clear of all the boats around you. In light winds this means concentrating extra hard, in the strong winds it means really working the boat hard.

Starting Points to Remember:

• Get there early.
• Check wind and tide.
• Check start bias.
• Take a starboard and a port tack from line, check transit, watch for shifts of line after you have taken the transit.
• Decide where on the line to start (consider wind shifts, tide, other boats).
• Be prepared to protect your water during the final two minutes.
• Especially if in the middle of the line check your transit (generally there is a large sag).
• Do NOT end up on the second or third row.
• Clear air is more important than being at the favoured end but in the second or third row (the bias is generally small).
• If over the line 3-5 seconds before the start (especially at the port end) be prepared to bail quick and dip boats to get to clear air.
• Never start to windward of a boat you know points higher or to leeward of a boat you know is faster.
• Try and sheet on with about seven seconds to go otherwise it is often difficult to get clear air.
• It is usually better to start just to leeward of the bunch as this reduces the level of risk in getting a good start.
• Don't get caught too close to the pin - it is better to get a safe start then no start at all.
• Remember that if you get buried at the pin end of the start you must dip a lot of sterns to get clear air.
• Defend your space on the line HARD!!!

Dispatches from the Atlantic: Land Ho

After crossing the Atlantic, Snark makes landfall in St. Lucia.

Christopher White

Well, we've made it. At 18:02:46 (local time), Snark crossed the line as the 72nd of 209 boats still in it to finish the 2009 ARC. Sixteen days, 9 hours, 6 minutes, and 46 seconds after crossing the starting line off the coast of Las Palmas, in the Canaries, we arrived in Rodney Bay, St. Lucia. We glimpsed nearby Martinique as it emerged over the horizon about four hours earlier—the first time we had seen land in 15 days. We were given a hearty welcome and greeted by cheers and the sounding of horns as an escort of World Cruising Club staff guided us through IGY Rodney Bay Marina to our slip.

As we tied up, staff members of the World Cruising Club welcomed us to the dock with glasses of rum punch and a huge Heineken the size of a champagne bottle. Club staff work round-the-clock to bring in ARC yachts, and the warm greeting they provide is certainly appreciated. What a welcome.

Now, it's on to that oh-so-fun part of the trip, cleaning the boat. Snark is quite dirty after the crossing, and every one of our sails needs some sort of repair. But, after a good scrubbing and a generous dose of elbow grease, she'll be good as new. She'll stay here at IGY Rodney Bay, and be based in St. Lucia for the winter. Ben has been sailing almost continually for the last six months, and says it's time to take a break (not that I'm sure he really wants to). Though he's considering a few short jaunts between now and then, Ben plans to return around Easter for a family sailing holiday. Until then, Snark will be kept safe under the watchful eye of the dock staff at IGY Rodney Bay.

In a few days, our crew will part ways. Later this week, I will fly back to New York. Dugald will fly back to London Friday night, and Ben will head out some time next week—he's not quite sure when. Dugald was going to fly out on Tuesday, but he's leaving London on Thursday for his house in British Columbia to do a little skiing at Whistler (and he's going back again in February to watch the Olympics), so he figured a little more time back home between trips would be nice.

It has been an incredible adventure crossing the Atlantic Ocean. I would again like to thank Ben Little, Dugald Moore, the staff of the World Cruising Club, and everyone back home at Yachting for helping to make this all possible. Thanks to everyone who followed my blog, and be sure to check out the August issue of Yachting for a feature article on the crossing.